Thinkwell.Biology.Course

Thinkwell.Biology.Course



- Evolution

* 1.1 Unity and Diversity of Life on Earth
o 1.1.1 Properties of Life

* 1.2 Early Perspectives in Science
o 1.2.1 An Introduction to Biology
o 1.2.2 The Nature of Science: The Story of Darwin
o 1.2.3 Early Scientific Thought
o 1.2.4 The Emerging Science of Geology

* 1.3 An Introduction to Evolution
o 1.3.1 Linnaeus, Buffon, and Lamarck
o 1.3.2 Darwin: The Voyage Continues
o 1.3.3 Darwin: More Observations

* 1.4 Evolution: The Theory of Natural Selection
o 1.4.1 Darwin: The Theory of Natural Selection
o 1.4.2 The Theory of Natural Selection
o 1.4.3 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin
o 1.4.4 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin, Part II

* 1.5 Fossils and Evolution
o 1.5.1 Fossil Formation, Dating, and Indexing
o 1.5.2 The Fossil Record
o 1.5.3 Some Fossil Surprises
o 1.5.4 The Coevolution of Horses and Plants
o 1.5.5 Mass Extinctions: An Asteroid Can Ruin Your Day

* 1.6 Human Evolution
o 1.6.1 Human Evolution: What Is a Primate?
o 1.6.2 Human Evolution: The Family Tree
o 1.6.3 Human Evolution: The Fossil Record

* 1.7 Evidence for Evolution
o 1.7.1 Evidence for Evolution: Biochemical Similarities
o 1.7.2 Evidence for Evolution: Vestigial Structures
o 1.7.3 Homologous Structures

* 1.8 Species Concepts
o 1.8.1 Species Concepts
o 1.8.2 Speciation
o 1.8.3 Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation
o 1.8.4 Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation

* 1.9 Examples of Artificial and Natural Selection
o 1.9.1 Artificial Selection in Action
o 1.9.2 Natural Selection in Action

* 1.10 The Origin of Life
o 1.10.1 History of Life: The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Overview
o 1.10.2 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Introduction
o 1.10.3 The Origin of Life: Life from Nonlife
o 1.10.4 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: Protobionts
o 1.10.5 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: The First Genetic Material
o 1.10.6 The Origin of Life: The Rest of the Story

* 1.11 Classifying Life
o 1.11.1 The Linnaean System
o 1.11.2 The Linnaean System: Still Changing

- Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

* 2.1 An Introduction to Atoms
o 2.1.1 Atomic Structure: SPONCH and the Atom
o 2.1.2 Electrons, Orbitals, and Electron Shells
o 2.1.3 Ions, Ionization, and Isotopes
o 2.1.4 Isotopes: Unraveling Photosynthesis

* 2.2 Atoms and Bonding
o 2.2.1 Bonding and Electronegativity
o 2.2.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds
o 2.2.3 Polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals Interactions

* 2.3 Properties of Water
o 2.3.1 Water: Hydrogen Bonding, Solubility, and Specific Heat
o 2.3.2 Water: Adhesion, Cohesion, and a Solid That Floats
o 2.3.3 Water: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances
o 2.3.4 Dissociation of Water and the pH Scale
o 2.3.5 Hemoglobin as a Buffer

* 2.4 Carbon Chemistry
o 2.4.1 Carbon Chemistry and Isomers
o 2.4.2 Functional Side Groups

* 2.5 Carbohydrates
o 2.5.1 Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
o 2.5.2 Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis: Disaccharides
o 2.5.3 Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Molecules
o 2.5.4 Polysaccharides: Structural Molecules

* 2.6 Lipids and Nucleic Acids
o 2.6.1 Lipids: An Introduction
o 2.6.2 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
o 2.6.3 Phospholipids, Waxes, and Steroids
o 2.6.4 Nucleic Acids: An Introduction to Genetic Material

* 2.7 Proteins
o 2.7.1 Proteins: Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond
o 2.7.2 Amino Acids: The R Groups
o 2.7.3 Primary and Secondary Structure
o 2.7.4 Tertiary Structure
o 2.7.5 Quaternary Structure
o 2.7.6 Protein Structure: A Summary

* 2.8 Enzymes
o 2.8.1 Bioenergetics: The Laws of Thermodynamics
o 2.8.2 Activation Energy
o 2.8.3 Enzyme Characteristics

* 2.9 Enzyme Action
o 2.9.1 Enzyme Action: The Induced-Fit Model
o 2.9.2 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Regulation
o 2.9.3 Feedback Inhibition and Cooperativity

- Cell Biology

* 3.1 An Introduction to Cell Biology
o 3.1.1 The History of Cytology
o 3.1.2 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
o 3.1.3 Plant and Animal Cell Overview: The Basics
o 3.1.4 Membranes: Basic Structure
o 3.1.5 The Nuclear Envelope: The Initial Tour
o 3.1.6 Nuclear Function: Who's in Charge?

* 3.2 Membrane-Bound Organelles
o 3.2.1 Cellular Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum
o 3.2.2 Cell Function: Golgi Apparatus
o 3.2.3 Food Vacuole Formation: The Role of the Lysosome
o 3.2.4 Still More Vacuoles and Peroxisomes
o 3.2.5 Mitochondria: Welcome Guests
o 3.2.6 The Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

* 3.3 The Cytoskeleton
o 3.3.1 The Cytoskeleton: Basic Components
o 3.3.2 Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia
o 3.3.3 Cell Walls

* 3.4 The Plasma Membrane
o 3.4.1 Plasma Membrane: The Extracellular Matrix
o 3.4.2 The Plasma Membrane: The Fluid-Mosaic Model
o 3.4.3 Proteins as the Mosaic of the Cell Membrane
o 3.4.4 Animal Cell Junctions

* 3.5 Cell Transport
o 3.5.1 Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
o 3.5.2 Passive Transport: Osmosis
o 3.5.3 Active Transport: Ion Pumps and Cotransport
o 3.5.4 Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump
o 3.5.5 Energy-Requiring Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

* 3.6 Tools for Cell Biology
o 3.6.1 Tools of the Cytologist: Light and Fluorescent Microscopy
o 3.6.2 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes
o 3.6.3 Freeze Fracture and Differential Centrifugation

* 3.7 The Evolution of Metabolic Functions
o 3.7.1 Major Modes of Nutrition Among Organisms

- Respiration

* 4.1 An Introduction to Respiration
o 4.1.1 ATP Structure and Function
o 4.1.2 Phosphorylated Intermediates
o 4.1.3 Respiration: An Overview
o 4.1.4 Redox: A Brief Review
o 4.1.5 Energy Release from Sugar: A Demo
o 4.1.6 Coenzymes: The Role of NAD+

* 4.2 Glycolysis and Fermentation
o 4.2.1 Glycolysis: The Initial Steps: Energy Input
o 4.2.2 Glycolysis: The Energy Payoff
o 4.2.3 Anaerobic Respiration: The Fermentation of Pyruvate

* 4.3 Aerobic Respiration
o 4.3.1 Aerobic Respiration: The Acetyl CoA Step
o 4.3.2 Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle
o 4.3.3 Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

* 4.4 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
o 4.4.1 The Electron Transport Chain
o 4.4.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
o 4.4.3 ATP Yield from Aerobic Respiration
o 4.4.4 Other Fuels in Respiration
o 4.4.5 The Evolution of Glycolysis

- Photosynthesis

* 5.1 Discovering Photosynthesis
o 5.1.1 The Unraveling of Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
o 5.1.2 Photosynthesis: Twentieth-Century Breakthroughs
o 5.1.3 Photosynthesis: The Final Picture

* 5.2 Adaptations for Photosynthesis
o 5.2.1 The Leaf: Adaptations for Photosynthesis
o 5.2.2 The Structure of a Chloroplast
o 5.2.3 Photosynthetic Pigments
o 5.2.4 The Nature of Light
o 5.2.5 Photoexcitation and Electron Transfer

* 5.3 The Light Reactions
o 5.3.1 The Light Reactions: An Introduction
o 5.3.2 Photosystem 1
o 5.3.3 Photosystem 2
o 5.3.4 The Light Reactions: A Summary

* 5.4 The Dark Reactions
o 5.4.1 The Calvin Cycle
o 5.4.2 The Calvin Cycle: RuBP Regeneration
o 5.4.3 A Review of Photosynthesis

* 5.5 Photorespiration
o 5.5.1 Photorespiration
o 5.5.2 C4 Plants and CAM Plants
o 5.5.3 The Evolution of Photosynthesis

- Molecular Genetics

* 6.1 Discovering DNA
o 6.1.1 Molecular Genetics: The Protein vs. DNA Debate
o 6.1.2 Continuing to Link Genes to Chemicals: Muller, Beadle, and Tatum
o 6.1.3 Griffith and Transformation
o 6.1.4 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty/Hershey and Chase: DNA Wins!
o 6.1.5 Chargaff and Franklin and Wilkins: The DNA Story Begins

* 6.2 DNA Structure Revealed
o 6.2.1 Watson and Crick: The Clues
o 6.2.2 Watson and Crick: The Double Helix

* 6.3 Introduction to DNA Replication
o 6.3.1 Replication: Meselson and Stahl
o 6.3.2 DNA: Polymerization with Triphosphate Nucleotides

* 6.4 Events of DNA Replication
o 6.4.1 Events at the Replication Fork: The Leading Strand
o 6.4.2 Events at the Leading Strand, Part II
o 6.4.3 Events at the Replication Fork: The Lagging Strand
o 6.4.4 Proofreading, End Replication, and Telomeres
o 6.4.5 DNA Replication: A Summary

* 6.5 Transcription
o 6.5.1 Transcription and Translation: An Overview
o 6.5.2 Transcription: RNA Formation from the DNA Template
o 6.5.3 Transcription: Termination and RNA Protection
o 6.5.4 Posttranscriptional Modification/RNA Splicing

* 6.6 Translation
o 6.6.1 Translation: Ribosomal and Transfer RNA
o 6.6.2 The Role of Transfer RNA: Charging a tRNA Molecule
o 6.6.3 Translation: Initiation Events
o 6.6.4 Translation/Elongation: The Initiation of Elongation
o 6.6.5 Elongation Continued and Termination

* 6.7 Protein Synthesis Review
o 6.7.1 Polypeptide Destinations: Signal Peptides and ER Ribosomes
o 6.7.2 Protein Synthesis: An Overview

* 6.8 The lac Operon
o 6.8.1 Control Mechanisms: Lactose Metabolism in E. coli
o 6.8.2 Jacob and Monod's Model: The lac Operon
o 6.8.3 lac Operon: The Summary

* 6.9 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization
o 6.9.1 The Eukaryotic Genome: DNA Packing
o 6.9.2 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Repetitive DNA
o 6.9.3 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Gene Families
o 6.9.4 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization: Transposons and Amplified Genes

* 6.10 Controlling Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
o 6.10.1 Eukaryotic Gene Control: Transcriptional Controls
o 6.10.2 Eukaryotic Control Mechanisms: Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Controls
o 6.10.3 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Protein-Making Machinery

- Biotechnology

* 7.1 Plasmids and Gene Cloning
o 7.1.1 Biotechnology: Plasmids in Prokaryotes
o 7.1.2 Using a Restriction Enzyme to Create a Vector
o 7.1.3 Biotechnology: Gene Cloning
o 7.1.4 Biotechnology: Detection of Cell Clones

* 7.2 Techniques in Biotechnology
o 7.2.1 Biotechnology: Reverse Transcriptase: A Tool Taken from Viruses
o 7.2.2 Using Reverse Transcriptase to Make cDNA
o 7.2.3 Electrophoresis: Separating DNA
o 7.2.4 Sequencing DNA: The Sanger Method

* 7.3 More Techniques in Biotechnology
o 7.3.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms: Genetic Markers
o 7.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Amplification
o 7.3.3 DNA Fingerprinting
o 7.3.4 Southern Blotting
o 7.3.5 Detecting DNA Homology: A Biotechnology Summary

* 7.4 Human Genome Project
o 7.4.1 The Human Gene Pool
o 7.4.2 The Human Genome Project: Recent Findings

- Cell Reproduction

* 8.1 An Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosis
o 8.1.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
o 8.1.2 Mitosis: An Overview
o 8.1.3 Mitosis: The Phases
o 8.1.4 Cytokinesis

* 8.2 Regulating Mitosis
o 8.2.1 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Protein Kinases
o 8.2.2 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Other Mechanisms
o 8.2.3 Cancer: When Mitosis Goes Unchecked
o 8.2.4 The ras Gene and the p53 Gene

* 8.3 Meiosis
o 8.3.1 Sexual Reproduction and the Role of Meiosis
o 8.3.2 Homologous Chromosomes: Thanks, Mom and Dad!
o 8.3.3 Meiosis: Prophase I
o 8.3.4 Disjunction and Meiosis II
o 8.3.5 Mitosis vs. Meiosis

* 8.4 Understanding Meiosis
o 8.4.1 Independent Assortment
o 8.4.2 Spermatogenesis: Meiosis in Males
o 8.4.3 Oogenesis: Meiosis in Females

- Mendelian Genetics and Mutation

* 9.1 Gregor Mendel
o 9.1.1 Heredity: The Story of Gregor Mendel
o 9.1.2 Mendel's Findings: A First Look at Phenotypic Ratios
o 9.1.3 Mendel's Conclusions: Alternate Alleles and Dominance
o 9.1.4 Mendel's Conclusions: Segregation and Recombination

* 9.2 The Laws of Mendelian Inheritance
o 9.2.1 Determining Heterozygosity: Test Crosses and Back Crosses
o 9.2.2 Mendelian Inheritance

* 9.3 Segregation and Independent Assortment
o 9.3.1 Segregation and Independent Assortment
o 9.3.2 Independent Assortment: An Explanation

* 9.4 Laws of Probability
o 9.4.1 Laws of Probability: Rule of Multiplication
o 9.4.2 The Multiplicative Law: Some Extensions
o 9.4.3 Laws of Probability: The Additive Rule
o 9.4.4 Using the Laws of Probability in Dihybrid Crosses

* 9.5 Genetic Dominance
o 9.5.1 What Is a Dominant Gene? Intermediate Inheritance
o 9.5.2 Codominance and Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood Genes
o 9.5.3 ABO Blood Groups: Inheritance Patterns and Pedigree Charts

* 9.6 Epistasis
o 9.6.1 Epistasis: One Gene Affecting Another
o 9.6.2 The Bombay Phenotype: Infidelity or Epistasis?

* 9.7 Inheritance Patterns
o 9.7.1 Polygenic Inheritance
o 9.7.2 Pleiotropy: Multiple Phenotypic Effects
o 9.7.3 Sickle Cell Anemia: The Case against Dominant and Recessive

* 9.8 Linked Genes and Genetic Mapping
o 9.8.1 Linked Genes
o 9.8.2 Crossing Over and Recombination: A Tool for Mapping Genes
o 9.8.3 Gene Mapping Using Recombination Frequencies
o 9.8.4 Linking Genes to Chromosomes: The Work of Morgan
o 9.8.5 Morgan's Conclusions

* 9.9 Sex Linkage and Pedigree Charts
o 9.9.1 Sex-Linked Traits in Humans
o 9.9.2 X Inactivation in Humans
o 9.9.3 The Use of Pedigree Charts to Determine Possible Genotypes
o 9.9.4 Pedigree Chart: Problem Review

* 9.10 Problems in Heredity
o 9.10.1 Problems in Heredity
o 9.10.2 Problems in Heredity: Chromosomal Aberrations
o 9.10.3 Translocations: 14/21 Downs

* 9.11 Genetic Mutation
o 9.11.1 Genetic Mutation
o 9.11.2 Genetic Mutation: Different Forms of Point Mutations
o 9.11.3 Genetic Mutation: Insertion and Deletion
o 9.11.4 Genetic Screening

- Population Genetics and Evolution

* 10.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Theory
o 10.1.1 Population Genetics: Darwin Meets Mendel
o 10.1.2 An Introduction to Hardy-Weinberg Theory
o 10.1.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
o 10.1.4 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory
o 10.1.5 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory II
o 10.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg: What Does This Have to Do with Evolution?

* 10.2 Departing From Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
o 10.2.1 Microevolution by Genetic Drift
o 10.2.2 Microevolution: Continued

* 10.3 Variations in Populations and Modes of Selection
o 10.3.1 Variations within and between Populations
o 10.3.2 Modes of Selection
o 10.3.3 The Perfect Organism

* 10.4 Speciation
o 10.4.1 Speciation: What Is a Species?
o 10.4.2 Allopatric Speciation
o 10.4.3 Sympatric Speciation

* 10.5 Evolution
o 10.5.1 Time Frame for Evolution: Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium

- The Evolution of Life on Earth

* 11.1 Classifying Earth's Organisms
o 11.1.1 Classifying the Products of Evolution: Taxonomy
o 11.1.2 Building a Cladogram
o 11.1.3 Molecular Methods for Classifying Organisms
o 11.1.4 A Phylogenetic Tree of Organisms: A Three-Domain System

* 11.2 Domain Archaea
o 11.2.1 The Archaea

* 11.3 Domain Bacteria
o 11.3.1 The Bacteria

* 11.4 Protists and the Origin of the Eukaryota
o 11.4.1 Protists: Archaezoa and Euglenozoa
o 11.4.2 Protists: Alveolata and Stramenopila

* 11.5 The Colonization of Land by Plants
o 11.5.1 Plant Phylogeny: The Colonization of Land
o 11.5.2 Plant Phylogeny and Alternation of Generations

* 11.6 Alternation of Generations: Mosses, Ferns, and Gymnosperms
o 11.6.1 Alternation of Generations: Mosses
o 11.6.2 Alternation of Generations: Ferns
o 11.6.3 Alternation of Generations: Gymnosperms

* 11.7 Angiosperms
o 11.7.1 Alternation of Generations: The Structure of a Flower
o 11.7.2 Alternation of Generations: Angiosperms
o 11.7.3 Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Dicots and Monocots

* 11.8 Fungi
o 11.8.1 Introduction to the Fungi
o 11.8.2 Diversity of Fungi

* 11.9 Evolution of the Animal Kingdom
o 11.9.1 Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree of Animals: Animal Development
o 11.9.2 Developmental Data for the Phylogenetic Tree of Animals
o 11.9.3 The Formation of Body Cavities
o 11.9.4 Protostomes and Deuterostomes
o 11.9.5 Animal Diversity: The Cambrian Explosion and the Move to Land

* 11.10 Invertebrates
o 11.10.1 Introduction to Animals: Parazoa and Radiata
o 11.10.2 Animals: Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates
o 11.10.3 Diversity of Protostome Species

* 11.11 Deuterostomes
o 11.11.1 Diversity of Deuterostome Species
o 11.11.2 Diversity of Vertebrate Species

* 11.12 Chordate Development
o 11.12.1 Animal Development: A Close-up Look at Fertilization Events
o 11.12.2 Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Organogenesis: A Closer Look
o 11.12.3 Events of Gastrulation and Organogenesis

* 11.13 The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Development
o 11.13.1 Pattern Formation in Drosophila
o 11.13.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila, continued

* 11.14 Viruses and Prions
o 11.14.1 Viruses and Prions: Living or Nonliving?

- Animal Systems and Homeostasis

* 12.1 Introduction to Animal Systems and Homeostasis
o 12.1.1 Animal Homeostasis
o 12.1.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
o 12.1.3 Animal Tissues: Epithelial Tissue
o 12.1.4 Animal Tissues: Loose Connective Tissue
o 12.1.5 Animal Tissues: Dense, Fluid, and Supportive Connective Tissue
o 12.1.6 Animal Tissue: Muscle and Nerve Tissue

* 12.2 The Digestive System
o 12.2.1 Introduction to the Digestive System
o 12.2.2 The Beginning of Chemical Digestion
o 12.2.3 Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
o 12.2.4 Human Nutrition: Absorption
o 12.2.5 Egestion

* 12.3 Gas Exchange and Transport Systems
o 12.3.1 Introduction to the Gas Exchange of Animals
o 12.3.2 Human Gas Exchange System
o 12.3.3 Human Gas Exchange: The Roles of Respiratory Pigments
o 12.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Transport
o 12.3.5 Structure of the Human Heart

* 12.4 Circulation
o 12.4.1 Maintaining the Human Heartbeat
o 12.4.2 Human Circulation: Blood Vessels

* 12.5 Blood Pressure and Clotting
o 12.5.1 Human Circulation: Blood Pressure
o 12.5.2 Blood Clotting

* 12.6 Human Excretion
o 12.6.1 Human Excretion: Waste Processing
o 12.6.2 Human Excretion: Urinary System Structure
o 12.6.3 The Nephron: Blood Filtration and Urine Production

* 12.7 The Immune System: An Introduction
o 12.7.1 The Immune Response: Nonspecific Defenses
o 12.7.2 The Immune System: Structure and Function
o 12.7.3 Immunity: Clonal Selection Theory
o 12.7.4 Immune Response: An Overview
o 12.7.5 T Cells: Helper T Activation
o 12.7.6 T Cells: Helper and Cytotoxic T Cell Effects

* 12.8 The Immune System Continued
o 12.8.1 B Cells: The Humoral Response
o 12.8.2 Antibodies and DNA Rearrangement
o 12.8.3 Antibody Mechanisms

* 12.9 HIV and the Immune System
o 12.9.1 HIV: An Attack on the Immune System

* 12.10 The Endocrine System
o 12.10.1 Human Regulation: Endocrine Control and Signal-Transduction Pathways
o 12.10.2 The Endocrine System
o 12.10.3 Endocrine Function: Oscillations in Hormone Levels

* 12.11 The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
o 12.11.1 The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles: Preparation for Pregnancy
o 12.11.2 Hormonal Events during the Female Reproductive Cycle

* 12.12 The Nervous System
o 12.12.1 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuron
o 12.12.2 Human Regulation: Nervous System: Nerve Function and Reflexes

* 12.13 The Nerve Impulse
o 12.13.1 Human Regulation: The Nerve Impulse: General Events
o 12.13.2 Human Regulation: The Nervous System and the Action Potential
o 12.13.3 Human Regulation: Synaptic Events: Cell-Cell Communication
o 12.13.4 The Nervous System: A Phylogenetic Perspective
o 12.13.5 The Human Brain
o 12.13.6 Processing Centers of the Human Brain

* 12.14 Motor Mechanisms
o 12.14.1 Motor Control: Muscle Microstructure
o 12.14.2 The Neuromuscular Junction: The Contraction Is Triggered
o 12.14.3 The Sliding Filament: Interaction of ATP, Actin, Myosin, and Calcium

* 12.15 Sensory Reception
o 12.15.1 Sensory Systems: An Introduction
o 12.15.2 Photoreceptors and the Vertebrate Eye
o 12.15.3 The Ear and Equilibrium
o 12.15.4 The Ear and Hearing

- Plant Systems and Homeostasis

* 13.1 Plant Development
o 13.1.1 Plant Development: Germination
o 13.1.2 Plant Development: Cell Structure and Function
o 13.1.3 Primary Growth: Root Growth and Development
o 13.1.4 Primary Growth: Stem Growth and Development
o 13.1.5 Secondary Growth: Lateral Meristems and Secondary Vascular Tissue

* 13.2 Plant Hormones
o 13.2.1 Regulation in Plants
o 13.2.2 Plant Hormones
o 13.2.3 Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants

* 13.3 Photoperiodism
o 13.3.1 Photoperiodism in Plants: Control of Flowering
o 13.3.2 Phytochromes and the Photoperiodic Response

* 13.4 Plant Transport
o 13.4.1 Transport in Angiosperms: Transpiration
o 13.4.2 The Role of Xylem Tissue and Stomata
o 13.4.3 Plant Transport: Absorption and Lateral Transport in Roots
o 13.4.4 Phloem: The Movement of Sap

- Ecology

* 14.1 Introduction to Ecology
o 14.1.1 Ecological Organization: The Functional Divisions of the Ecologist

* 14.2 Biomes
o 14.2.1 Land Biomes: An Overview
o 14.2.2 Terrestrial Biomes: Water-Limited Environments
o 14.2.3 Aquatic Biomes

* 14.3 Animal Behavior
o 14.3.1 Ecology at the Level of the Species: Behavior
o 14.3.2 Imprinting and Innate Behavior
o 14.3.3 Nature versus Nurture: Is There a Genetic Basis for Behaviors?

* 14.4 Competitive and Courtship Behaviors
o 14.4.1 Competitive Behaviors and Survivability
o 14.4.2 Courtship and Mating Behaviors: Survivability

* 14.5 Population Ecology
o 14.5.1 Population Ecology: Populations with Unlimited Resources
o 14.5.2 Population Ecology: The Reality of Limited Resources
o 14.5.3 Population Ecology: Population Strategy: r vs K
o 14.5.4 Population Ecology: Intraspecific Competition

* 14.6 Community Ecology: Interspecific Interactions
o 14.6.1 Community Ecology: Interspecific Interaction: Predation
o 14.6.2 Interspecific Competition: Ecological Niches
o 14.6.3 Interspecific Associations: Symbiosis

* 14.7 Community Ecology: Succession
o 14.7.1 Community Disturbance: Succession
o 14.7.2 Secondary Succession

* 14.8 Community Ecology: Species Diversity
o 14.8.1 The Decline in Species Diversity and the Current Mass Extinction

* 14.9 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
o 14.9.1 Ecosystems: A Flow of Energy
o 14.9.2 Ecosystems: Productivity and Energy Flow
o 14.9.3 Productivity Pyramids: Visualizing Energy Flows
o 14.9.4 Productivity Pyramids: Pyramid of Numbers

* 14.10 Chemical Cycling in the Ecosystem
o 14.10.1 Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Water, Carbon, and Sulfur
o 14.10.2 Ecosystems and Material Cycles: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles

* 14.11 Human Effect on the Ecosystem
o 14.11.1 The Effects of Human Population Growth: Lake Eutrophication
o 14.11.2 Toxic Accumulation and Ozone Depletion